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東南亞史: 多元而獨特,關鍵的十字路口

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東南亞史: 多元而獨特,關鍵的十字路口Anthony Reid SuwarnadwipaJawaFurther IndiaUltraGangetic India Anthony Reid Anthony Reid 1970 199919801999UCLA200220072010 () ()

東南亞明明在地理上氣候多樣、地形破碎;

在歷史上政權林立、沒有出現過大一統帝國,

何以成為「關鍵的十字路口」?

台灣位處十字路口的北大門,該如何與之交流?

 

——安東尼•瑞德(Anthony Reid)——

東南亞史研究權威、美國亞洲研究學會傑出貢獻獎得主重量級巨作

跳脫以往國別史與單一時間線的視角,

以多重時間線為經、各類主題為緯,

以地理特徵做區別,重新梳理複雜難解的東南亞

 

★★作者親寫「繁中版」新序——給台灣讀者看的東南亞史★★

 

●

 

二○一○年時,東南亞多數國家已經位居全球財富排行榜當中的第四分之三間區內,其中,新加坡與汶萊屬於超級富有的國家,這兩國與馬來西亞、泰國的排名則是排在全球前半。在人類歷史上很少有資本積累的熱帶地區當中,東南亞無疑是一顆明星。東南亞重獲(更好的說法是維持)它作為十字路口的歷史性角色,對於貿易、移民、思想的傳播保持相對開放的態度。那麼,為何東南亞的歷史具有「關鍵的十字路口」的重要性呢?

 

長久以來,東南亞地區在它的鄰居們眼中就十分獨特,中國人稱之為「南洋」,印度人稱它為黃金之地「蘇瓦納德維帕」(Suwarnadwipa),阿拉伯人將它稱為「爪哇」(Jawa),歐洲人則稱其為「更遠的印度」(Further India)或「超出恆河的印度」(Ultra‐Gangetic India)。

 

東南亞一直都是個獨特的地區,有著無窮的多樣性。它有特殊的環境,包括濕熱的季風氣候、密集的叢林、廣泛的水系,還有週期性的自然災害。由於地形的破碎和水域的隔離,導致人群相互連結的方式主要透過海洋而非陸地,使得東南亞沒有出現其他地區那種整合並統治廣大疆土的大帝國。一直到十九世紀初,在外人眼中,東南亞依然是個連貫一致的整體。

 

然而,一百年之後,情況已不再是如此。帝國主義將這片區域劃分為英國、荷蘭、西班牙/美國、法國的地盤,各有各的教育、現代化術語和語言學研究,這片地區於是變成世界上語言最為多樣分歧的區域之一。此外,民族主義也開始驅使各種族群相信自己有特殊的民族命運。到了二十世紀,冷戰戰場殘酷地撕裂東南亞,伊斯蘭聖戰潮又使紛歧的穆斯林少數族群深信,他們不應該再容忍此區域內的多元性。

 

●

 

如何保持多樣性與獨特性兩者之間的平衡,是東南亞的挑戰所在,本書正是以「關鍵的十字路口」為基準,橫跨上古至現代兩千年的幅軸,來探討東南亞地區的多樣性與獨特性。

 

作者Anthony Reid是東南亞史的權威,學術研究扎實。不過作者在行文上並不是以一條單一的時間線從古敘述到今,而是分為氣候、貿易、宗教、政治、人文……等等不同的主題,不同的時代有其不同的主題特徵。而且每個時代區塊之間不一定是相互接續的,有時可能會互相重疊。這也是東南亞地區乃至於東南亞史,多元、獨特的表徵之一。

 

東南亞史除了自身的獨特性與多樣性之外,作者也指出東南亞歷史值得更多關注三個的原因:一是東南亞危險的地殼交界處,對於世界氣候與人類生存都具有決定性的作用;再者,相較於我們已知其歷史的其他社會的女性而言,東南亞女性在經濟與社會方面更具有自主性;最後,與主宰其他地區的那些國家相比較,東南亞的社會則擁有更多具備文化與經濟連貫性的機制。

 

以東南亞的性別關係為例,東南亞在性別關係上與中國、印度相比,即使儒家、伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教將外來的男性主導模式帶進了東南亞,但確實存在著一種男人與女人擁有相對平衡角色與經濟自主性的「東南亞模式」。例如:(一)宗教方面:典型東南亞的宗教儀式體制都強調男性和女性的互補原則,在擔任神靈媒介這方面,女性與男性於宗教領域可說是同等活躍。(二)家庭關係:家庭裡面會分出男性與女性的領域,且婚姻絕對不是女人依賴於男人的情況。(三)經濟方面:夫妻財產是由雙方共同持有,男性與女性各有他們的經濟自主性。東南亞人認為應該由女性控制家庭的金錢收入並進行理財,女性的財產權有足夠的保障。

 

●

 

形塑現代東南亞的關鍵期是十九世紀上半葉,在此之前,東南亞地區除了區分大越國與中國的疆界之外,並無其他的固定邊界存在,東南亞依然是一個充滿宗教─文化典範中心的流動區域。但是隨著歐洲民族主義的進入,東南亞被納入了一個新的世界體系,地圖被劃分成七彩的區塊,為固定的國際邊界所瓜分。在近二百年的東南亞人生活之中,國家、民族與宗教的重要性變得越來越高,造成了破裂與分歧。導致現今的歷史學者在書寫東南亞史的時候,處理的時期愈古早,反而愈能將東南亞以整體論之。因此,作者指出,在利用已知的當代邊界來表達從前的地理時,會導致不恰當的使用國家單位來回顧歷史。所以作者在本書中,在敘述十九世紀以前的東南亞史時,會盡量使用島嶼或集水區等地理特徵,以避免進入誤區。

 

而二十一世紀的全球經濟整合,讓每個國家對內都得處理日益強烈的文化多元主義,對外則得面對外國的糾纏。即使處於國族主義或民族主義階段,東南亞各個社會的多元主義本性也從來沒有消失過。一直以來,民選政治必然會讓協商與結盟模式遭到制度化。因此,在這個需要以嶄新方法結合文化多元主義、人權的世界中,東南亞經驗值得我們關注。

 

最後,我們所處的台灣島,乃是一個龐大語族──南島語族的誕生地。因此,如果沒有台灣,就不會有東南亞的語言地圖。南島語族先驅一定擅長航海,而且很有可能熟稔稻米農業,在五千年之前,他們從台灣出發,帶著他們的語言來到今天的印尼、菲律賓和馬來西亞,不僅於此,他們最終還抵達太平洋上的波里尼西亞還有馬達加斯加。那些南島語族人(今日台灣原住民的祖先)當然不是最後一批逃避大陸壓力而到台灣島避難的人群,但在被迫將台灣島與他人分享之前,他們已經在此生活了好幾千年的時光。十七世紀以降,隨著大航海時代的開始,台灣再次涉入東南亞的海洋網絡。一直到現代,台灣與東南亞各國曾向對方學習許多,然還有更多事物值得彼此取經。
作者簡介 |

安東尼•瑞德(Anthony Reid)

 

紐西蘭維多利亞大學經濟與歷史學士、歷史學碩士,英國劍橋大學歷史學博士。是澳洲人文科學院院士、英國皇家歷史學會會士、英國國家學術院通訊院士,現為澳洲國立大學榮譽教授。東南亞史大家。

 

拿到博士學位後,最先在馬來亞大學歷史系教授東南亞史。1970-1999年期間,在澳洲國立大學執教。1980年代曾經主持召集劍橋東南亞經濟史。1999年前往UCLA協助創辦亞洲研究中心,2002年得福岡亞洲文化獎的學術研究部分的大獎,又蒙王賡武邀請去新加坡協助成立亞洲研究中心。任新加坡國立大學教授至2007年,之後在澳洲坎培拉退休。2010年得到美國亞洲研究學會的亞洲研究傑出貢獻獎。
譯者簡介 |

韓翔中 (譯者)

 

國立臺灣大學歷史學系學士、碩士。譯有《數位時代的人權思辨》、《城牆:從萬里長城到柏林圍牆,一部血與磚打造的人類文明史》、《英倫視野下的歐洲史:從希臘雅典的榮光到普丁崛起,全新觀點和幽默解讀》、《榮格論心理學與宗教》、《流動的疆域:全球視野下的雲南與中國》。

 

鄭永常 (審定)

 

香港新亞研究所博士,專長於中越關係史、明史、東南亞華人史、東南亞史、東亞海貿史。國立成功大學歷史學系退休教授。著有《漢文文學在安南的興替》、《征戰與棄守:明代中越關係研究》、《血紅的桂冠:十六至十九世紀越南基督教政策研究》、《來自海洋的挑戰:明代海貿政策演變研究》、《海禁的轉折:明初東亞沿海國際形勢與鄭和下西洋》、《明清東亞舟師祕本:耶魯航海圖研究》、《瞬間千年:東亞海域周邊史論》等書。

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Pamela S
Lexington, US
★★★★★ 4
Offers Complete Privacy
Color: Black, Size: 132in-Large Metal Base
We tried others that were nice but this particular room divider adds total privacy. We were looking for that. Easy to assemble. There is no gap if you position each petition close enough. The guality is very nice. Exactly what we were looking for.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 24, 2025
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Amazon Customer
Los Angeles, US
★★★★★ 5
Versatile Room Divider With Easy Assembly and Strong Coverage
Size: 3 Panel 12FT W
I picked up this Siebwin 3-panel folding room divider mainly for privacy and room separation, and overall it works very well. Assembly is very straightforward, and the divider can be set up, taken apart, and stored without much effort. The fabric quality feels good, and the frame construction is stronger and more stable than expected. The support tubes especially feel well built and help keep the divider standing securely. One feature I really liked is the flexibility of the design. The panels can be used together as a complete divider or separated depending on the setup and available space. That makes it much more versatile for different room layouts or temporary privacy needs. The coverage is also very good, and the size matches the manufacturer’s description accurately. The fabric blocks light and background visibility well enough to provide solid privacy without feeling overly heavy. The wider feet also help improve stability compared to thinner folding dividers. Another positive detail is that everything arrived complete with no missing parts or damaged pieces, which made assembly much easier and faster. Compared to cheaper privacy screens, this one feels more durable and easier to customize depending on the situation. In terms of value for the money, it feels like a very practical and worthwhile purchase considering the size, flexibility, and build quality. Overall, a versatile and well-built room divider with easy assembly, strong privacy coverage, stable construction, complete included parts, flexible panel configuration, and excellent everyday functionality.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2026
F
Fred
Cuba, US
★★★★★ 5
Stable, flexible in deployment configuration, creates true privacy and looks great.
Size: 3 Panel 12FT W
This is the second room divider panel I have installed, and there are several features about this one that I like much better than my older one. The fact that there are no gaps and that the material is thicker means you get more privacy or more hiding power, if you wish. My older divider has vertical spaces between each of the panels and the panels are half as wide as the Siebwin panels, so there are many vertical spaces. The Siebwin divider really creates privacy. Another feature that I really appreciate is that the legs are wider and stand off from the floor. On my older one the legs are flat and they're rather awkward to adjust because they create more drag on the floor. The feet on the older one also loosen if you turn them counter clockwise, so adjustments of configuration that require the feet to be moved are more complex. The older divider also must be deployed in a zig-zag fashion because he feet are not as wide, but this new one can be deployed and stable in a straight, an "N" shape or an arc. They are both the same length, but because the older one must be use in a zig-zag deployment it doesn't reach to the length of the new one. The Siebwin divider definitely costs more at $103.48, but it sports several features and advantages over the other brand, so it does a better job and is worth the extra cost.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2026
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Computer
Port Orchard, US
★★★★★ 4
Easy to assemble, does the job, material is shiny nylon and shows creases, minor defects, sloppy
Size: 3 Panel 12FT W, Size: 3 Panel 12FT W
The Siebwin room divider is a good idea, and for the price, it mostly delivers on the intended functionality. I ordered the 12 foot, 3-panel version mainly to hide an unfinished basement storage area that had become an eyesore. It works well for that purpose and gives the space a cleaner appearance without spending the kind of money that more decorative dividers or custom partitions cost. If you need something temporary, portable, or mainly functional, this is a viable option. There are a few limitations that became obvious during setup and use. The first thing I noticed was that the weld quality on some of the metal poles is fairly sloppy. Once the cover is installed, you do not really see it, but up close, it does not look especially refined or professional. The blackout material also is not a matte canvas style fabric as I expected. It has more of a shiny nylon appearance, and the creases are fairly visible. Being that it’s more of a nylon, I’d be hesitant to try steaming it to remove the creases. However, the creases do not matter if you are using it in a basement, dorm, or shared room, but for photography, video work, or a professional office setting, the appearance could be disappointing. The fabric is thick enough, though. It blocks visibility well enough, but strong light behind it still shows through to some extent, nothing deal-breaking. Also, my fabric appeared to be slightly defective. The hook and loop strip on one of the bottom sections was off-center and couldn't be totally attached because it was lined up with one of the legs. I originally hoped to use this as a video backdrop, but I will probably end up replacing the fabric with a proper green screen or canvas material while continuing to use the frame itself. For now, it does a good job of covering my basement junk. Assembly was actually easier than I expected and took roughly 15 to 20 minutes. The longer vertical poles are tethered together similarly to tent poles, which made setup straightforward and fairly intuitive. The shorter horizontal pieces slide and snap together to the top and bottom of the vertical assembly. After each section is assembled, the divider panels connect together with metal plates and two knurled screws (at the top and bottom), so no tools are really required. A few screws were difficult to start because paint had gotten into the threads, but once they caught, they tightened down normally. The feet install with similar knurled fasteners and help keep the divider reasonably stable. One thing to watch for during setup is the fabric orientation. There is one arrow indicator in the middle of the fabric to indicate up. However, if you need another indicator, the smaller hook and loop strip goes on the bottom while the longer strip goes on top. I realized mine was upside down right before finishing and had to redo it. I wasn't difficult to redo, despite the defect in mine. The overall design is practical and easy to move around. I do like that the panels can fold and bend into different shapes depending on the space. The widened feet help stability, although when trying to stretch the fabric tight, I noticed the poles sometimes wanted to overlap slightly at the joints. Tightening everything helped somewhat, but it still happened occasionally. The divider feels adequate for normal indoor use, though I would not expect premium durability or luxury-level fit and finish at this price point. The entire device can also be easily disabled and stored in a tote if you need it completely out of the way. It comes with assembly instructions, but even if you didn’t have them, it’s easy to build without them (save a mistake or two). In terms of value, I think the Siebwin divider mostly matches its price. Around $100 gets you a large freestanding partition with decent usability and easy assembly, but there are compromises in materials, appearance, and refinement. The defects are also off-putting, but hopefully you won't have them. Higher-end room dividers can easily cost two or three times more, so some of the tradeoffs are expected. I also noticed cheaper alternatives online, but based on the quality here, I suspect those would probably have even more issues. For practical home use, temporary privacy, hiding storage areas, or separating shared spaces, this is a good option as long as expectations stay realistic.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2026
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Trendy Tales
Houston, US
★★★★★ 3
Works well but takes up more space than expected
Size: 2 Panel 8FT W, Size: 2 Panel 8FT W
This room divider does the job for creating a little extra privacy and was easy enough to set up. The panels feel decent quality and the wider feet help keep it more stable than some cheaper screens I’ve tried. My only issue is that it takes up a bit more room than I expected, especially with the feet sticking out. It’s still portable and folds away nicely, but definitely measure your space first. Overall it works well for separating a room or blocking off an area temporarily. i wish it came in other colors
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Reviewed in the United States on May 26, 2026

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