ROMAN.Gallienus AD 253-268 BI Double-Denarius / Rev. JUPITER NGC (039)

ROMAN EMPIRE

GALLIENUS 253-268 AD

BI DOUBLE DENARIUS

Roman Age of Chaos 

CERTIFIED BY NGC

Obverse: 
Gallienus  facing right, wearing a military style drape and a radiate
crown, framed by the inscription "GALLIENVS AVG," which simply means "Emperor
Gallienus."

Reverse : Jupiter, standing left, head right, nude
except cloak flying behind, brandishing thunderbolt in right hand.

Officina mark in left field.



Lettering: IOVI PROPVGNAT XI

In Roman mythology, Jupiter or Jove was the
king of the gods, and the god of sky and thunder. He is the equivalent of Zeus
in the Greek pantheon. He was called Iuppiter (or Diespiter) Optimus Maximus
("Father God the Best and Greatest"). As the patron deity of ancient Rome, he
ruled over laws and social order. He was the chief god of the Capitoline Triad,
with sister/wife Juno. Jupiter is also the father of the god Mars with Juno.
Therefore, Jupiter is the grandfather of Romulus and Remus, the legendary
founders of Rome. Jupiter was venerated in ancient Roman religion, and is still
venerated in Roman Neopaganism. He is a son of Saturn, along with brothers
Neptune and Pluto. He is also the brother/husband of Ceres (daughter of Saturn
and mother of Proserpina), brother of Veritas (daughter of Saturn), and father
of Mercury.

Gallienus was Emperor of the Roman Empire
from AD 253-268, sharing the throne with his father Valerian until AD 260, then
as sole ruler until his death in AD 268. Based upon the inscriptions, this
Billon Double-Denarius of Gallienus was struck during his solitary reign, AD
260-268. The Romans typically used doubled letters to indicate plurality.
Coinage of Gallienus minted during his joint reign are inscribed "AVGG" (two
emperors), while later coins bear the inscription "AVG."

Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus ( c. 218
– September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and
alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that
nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He won a number of military victories
against usurpers and Germanic tribes, but was unable to prevent the secession of
important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest in half a century.



Born into a wealthy and traditional senatorial family, Gallienus was the son of
Valerian and Mariniana. Valerian became Emperor in September 253 and had the
Roman senate elevate Gallienus to the ranks of Caesar and Augustus. Valerian
divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and
his son the west. Gallienus defeated the usurper Ingenuus in 258 and destroyed
an Alemanni army at Mediolanum in 259.



The defeat and capture of Valerian at Edessa in 260 by the Sasanian Empire threw
the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war. Control of the whole empire passed
to Gallienus. He defeated the eastern usurpers Macrianus Major and Lucius
Mussius Aemilianus in 261–262 but failed to stop the formation of the breakaway
Gallic Empire under general Postumus. Aureolus, another usurper, proclaimed
himself emperor in Mediolanum in 268 but was defeated outside the city by
Gallienus and besieged inside. While the siege was ongoing, Gallienus was
assassinated, stabbed to death by the officer Cecropius, as part of a
conspiracy.

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