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Description
AT Series 250C UL Certified Vacuum OvensOverview The new UL certified 3. 2. cu ft vacuum oven comes standard with secondary over temp protection dial, stainless steel internal tubing, stainless steel vacuum & vent valve, oil filled vacuum gauge, and two year warranty. With our new internal shelf heating technology, each shelf in these ovens has its own heater, in shelf temperature sensor and temperature controller, together with great thermal conductive aluminum and our new low proportional
Overview
The new UL certified 3.2. cu ft vacuum oven comes standard with secondary over-temp protection dial, stainless steel internal tubing, stainless steel vacuum & vent valve, oil-filled vacuum gauge, and two year warranty. With our new internal shelf heating technology, each shelf in these ovens has its own heater, in-shelf temperature sensor and temperature controller, together with great thermal-conductive aluminum and our new low proportional controller technologies, the result is perfect uniformity, accurate temperature, super-fast heating rates, minimum heat loss/exterior temperature and very low power consumption.
The Ai 5.0, 7.5, and 16 cu ft vacuum ovens, come standard with secondary over-temp protection dial, stainless steel internal tubing, stainless steel vacuum & vent valve, oil-filled and vacuum gauge.
All AI vacuum ovens go through a 2-time 24-hour vacuum leak test, and is quality controlled in New Jersey or Nevada before leaving their warehouses.
Features:
- The 3.2 cu ft AT32x comes with 6 shelves (12 shelf capacity) in 110V 50/60Hz
- The 5 cu ft AT50x comes with 7 shelves (14 shelf capacity) in either 110V or 220V 50/60Hz
- The 7.5 cu ft AT75x comes with 9 shelves (18 shelf capacity) in 220V 50/60Hz
- The 3.2 cu ft AT32x comes with 13 shelves (26 shelf capacity) in 220V 50/60Hz
- The new KF25 inlet filter keeps your oven clean at all times (included with oven purchase).
- All stainless steel internal tubing provides a higher ultimate vacuum, holds the vacuum 10 times longer, and requires minimum maintenance.
- Oil-filled mechanical vacuum gauge provides more accurate reading, longer gauge life and minimizes shipping damage.
- All stainless steel vacuum and vent valves gives you cleaner connection, more accurate control and long term durability.
- 4th gen low proportional gain temperature controllers keep your oven temperature accurate
- Easy-to-clean stainless steel interior for exceptional durability and ease of maintenance.
- A vacuum environment lowers the boiling point (great for processing heat sensitive materials) and reduces drying time for materials like paste or powder which cannot otherwise be easily dried.
- Best choice for the curing and converting of oil extracts. With deep vacuum level, they can operate at temperatures which allow the degassing/purging process to occur rapidly, thus increase productivity and allow for the production of superior quality products with minimal processing time.
- Dual layer observation window with 3/4" (5/8” for the AT32x) tempered safety glass.
- Built-in swivel casters with leveling feet.
- Built-in alarm alerts you when oven has been shut down by safety circuitry due to out of range temperature.
- For improved temperature ramping, run the auto-tune procedure as outlined in the manual.
- All ovens shipped from our New Jersey or Nevada location for quick delivery.
- 2-year warranty and lifetime US-based parts and service support.
- Guaranteed US based phone and email assistance from an Ai support engineer within 30 minutes.
Attention: Before initial use, run oven at 200C/400F without vacuum for 15 minutes to burn off any residue that may have been introduced during the manufacturing process. NEVER LEAVE YOUR OVEN UNATTENDED WHILE OPERATING. Across International is not responsible for any loss of material inside of the oven.
Key Attributes
|
Max Temperature |
250°C |
|
Max Capacity |
3.2, 5, 7.5 or 16 cu ft |
|
Air Movement |
Vacuum |
|
Electrical |
110V or 220V |
| Warranty | 2 year |
Manufacturer Specifications
| AT09 | AT32x | AT50x | AT75x | AT160x |
| 110V +/-10% 60Hz 1-PH 13.6A, 1,500 watts | 110V 50/60Hz, 1-Phase, 22.7A, 2,520 watts | 110V or 220V +/-10% 50/60Hz 1-PH, 3,000 watts | 220V +/-10% 50/60Hz 1-PH 21A, 4,600 watts | 220V +/-10% 50/60Hz 1-PH 21A, 6,000 watts |
| 5-sided heating (left 350W, right 350W, top 220W, bottom 480W, back 100W) | 5-sided heating (left 530W, right 530W, top 530W, bottom 530W, back 200W x 2) | 5-sided heating (left 600W, right 600W, top 600W, bottom 600W, back 200W x 3) | 5-sided heating (left 900W, right 900W, top 900W, bottom 900W, back 250W x 4) | Layout: 5-sided heating (left 860W x 2, right 860W x 2, top 400W, bottom 840W, back 330W x 4) |
| Size: 12 x 12 x 11" | Size: 18 x 18 x 18" | Size: 19.75 x 21.5 x 19.75" | Size: 22 x 23.5 x 25" | Size: 25.6 x 30 x 35.5" |
| Material: Stainless steel | Material: Stainless steel | Material: Stainless steel | Material: Stainless steel | Material: Stainless steel |
| Capacity: 0.9 cubic foot | Capacity: 3.2 cubic feet | Capacity: 5.0 cubic feet | Capacity: 7.5 cubic feet | Capacity: 16 cubic feet |
| Controller:low proportional gain, microcomputer PID controlled with LCD display | Controller:low proportional gain, microcomputer PID controlled with LCD display | Controller:low proportional gain, microcomputer PID controlled with LCD display | Controller:low proportional gain, microcomputer PID controlled with LCD display | Controller:low proportional gain, microcomputer PID controlled with LCD display |
| Range: ambient to 250°C (or 480°F) | Range: ambient to 250°C (or 480°F) | Range: ambient to 250° (or 480°F) | Range: ambient to 250°C (480°F) | Range: ambient to 250°C (480°F) |
| Display units: Fahrenheit or Celsius | Display units: Fahrenheit or Celsius | Display units: Fahrenheit or Celsius | Display units: Fahrenheit or Celsius | Display units: Fahrenheit or Celsius |
| Uniformity: +/- 5% of setpoint | Uniformity: +/- 5% of setpoint | Uniformity: +/- 7% of setpoint | Uniformity: +/- 7% of setpoint | Uniformity: ± 7% of setpoint |
| Dwelling timer range: 1 to 9999 minutes | Dwelling timer range: 1 to 9999 minutes | Dwelling timer range: 1 to 9999 minutes | Dwelling timer range: 1 to 9999 minutes | Dwelling timer range: 1 to 9999 minutes |
| Warm-up time to 37.7°C: 40 minutes | Warm-up time to 37.7°C: 35 minutes | Warm-up time to 37.7°C: 45 minutes | Warm-up time to 37.7°C: 45 minutes | Ambient to 100°C: 40 mins |
| N/A | Warm-up time to 248.8°C: 60 minutes | Warm-up time to 248.8°C: 2 hours 15 minutes | Warm-up time to 248.8°C: 2 hours 15 minutes | Ambient to 150°C: 1 hour |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Ambient to 200°C: 2 hours |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Ambient to 250°C: 2.5 hours |
| Ultimate vacuum level: better than 500 microns/millitorrs | Ultimate vacuum level: better than 500 microns/millitorrs | Ultimate vacuum level: better than 500 microns/millitorrs | Ultimate vacuum level: better than 500 microns/millitorrs | Ultimate vacuum level: better than 500 microns/millitorrs |
| Mechanical gauge range: 0 to 30 inch mercury | Mechanical gauge range: 0 to 30 inch mercury | Mechanical gauge range: 0 to 30 inch mercury | Mechanical gauge range: 0 to 30 inch mercury | Mechanical gauge range: 0 to 30 inch mercury |
| Vacuum port: KF25 flange | Vacuum port: KF25 flange x 1 | Vacuum port: KF25 flange | Vacuum port: KF25 flange x 1 | Vacuum port: KF25 flange x 1 |
| Vent port:KF25 flange | Vent port: KF25 flange x 1 | Vent port:KF25 flange | Vent port:KF25 flange x 1 | Vent port:KF25 flange x 1 |
| Vacuum pump: Sold separately | Vacuum pump: Sold separately | Vacuum pump: Sold separately | Vacuum pump: Sold separately | Vacuum pump: Sold separately |
| Unit: 90 Lbs, shipping: 165 Lbs | Unit: 260 Lbs, shipping: 400 Lbs | Unit: 410 Lbs, shipping: 630 Lbs | Unit: 450 Lbs, shipping: 680 Lbs | Unit: 800 Lbs, shipping: 1200 Lbs |
| Unit: 23.4 x 17.25 x 19" | Unit: 30.5 x 24 x 29" | Unit: 32.25 x 28 x 30" | Unit: 37 x 35.5 x 38" | Unit: 44 x 38 x 51.5" |
| Shipping: 29 x 29 x 29 | Shipping: 36 x 33 x 35" | Shipping: 38 x 37 x 38" | Shipping: 42 x 40 x 43" | Shipping: 50 x 45 x 60" |
| Shelf size: 11.5 x 11.25" | Shelf size: 17.5 x 17.25 x 2.25" (WxDxH) | Shelf size: 19.25 x 21 x 0.5" (WxDxH) | Shelf size: 21.75 x 23 x 0.5" (WxDxH) | Shelf size: 25 x 30" (WxDxH) |
| Material: aluminum | Material: aluminum | Material: aluminum | Material: aluminum | Material: aluminum |
| Style: pan-shape | Style: pan-shape | Style: pan-shape | Style: pan-shape | Style: pan-shape |
| Capacity: 4 shelves max. | Capacity: 12 shelves max. | Capacity: 14 shelves max. | Capacity: 18 shelves max. | Capacity: 26 shelves max. |
| Comes standard with oven purchase: 4 shelves | Comes standard with oven purchase: 6 shelves | Comes standard with oven purchase: 7 shelves | Comes standard with oven purchase: 9 shelves | Comes standard with oven purchase: 13 shelves |
| Total area with 8 shelves: 129.4 x 8 = 7 sq ft or 1035 inch2 | Total area with 3 stackable shelves: 302 x 6 = 12 sq ft or 1812 inch2 | Total area with 14 shelves: 39.3 sq ft or 5660 sq inch | Total area with 18 shelves: 61.8 sq ft or 8901 sq inch | Total area with 26 shelves: 89 sq ft or 12,857 sq inch |
| Silicone or Viton | Silicone or Viton | Silicone or Viton | Silicone or Viton | Silicone or Viton |
| 1/2" tempered safety glass | 1/2" tempered safety glass | 1/2" tempered safety glass | 1/2" tempered safety glass | 1/2" tempered safety glass |
| Built-in circuit breaker | Built-in circuit breaker | Built-in circuit breaker | Built-in circuit breaker | Built-in circuit breaker |
| Overheat shutoff protection | Overheat shutoff protection | Overheat shutoff protection | Overheat shutoff protection | Overheat shutoff protection |
| Secondary over-temp protection dial | Secondary over-temp protection dial | Secondary over-temp protection dial | Secondary over-temp protection dial | Secondary over-temp protection dial |
| White LED | White LED | White LED (pre-installed) | White LED (pre-installed) | White LED (pre-installed) |
| UL(E482564), CE | UL(E482564), CE | ETL certified to UL and CSA standards | ETL tested to UL and CSA standards | ETL tested to UL and CSA standards, ETA 3/2021 |
| 2 years | 2 years | 2 years | 2 years | 2 years |
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4.2 ★★★★★
Based on 19 reviews
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 4
Even-handed History of America's Religious Roots
Format: eTextbook
One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America by Kevin Kruse
“One Nation Under God" is an even-handed book that makes the record clear on where America’s religious identity came from. Professor Kevin Kruse makes the compelling historical case that America’s religious identity had its roots in the domestic politics against Roosevelt’s New Deal of the 1930s and 1940s. This scholarly 386-page book includes eight chapters broken out into the following three parts: I. Creation, II. Consecration, and III. Conflict.
Positives:
1. Interesting and well-written book. Fair and respectful treatment.
2. A fascinating premise, how Corporate America invented a Christian America.
3. Kruse does not waste time in establishing his thesis for the book. “This book argues, the postwar revolution in America’s religious identity had its roots not in the foreign policy panic of the 1950s but rather in the domestic politics of the 1930s and early 1940s.”
4. The origins of the union of Christianity and capitalism. “At First Congregational and elsewhere, the minister reached out warmly to the wealthy, assuring them that their worldly success was a sign of God’s blessings and brushing off the criticism of clergymen who disagreed.”
5. The anti-New Deal movement. “For Fifield and his associates, the phrase “freedom under God”—in contrast with what they saw as oppression under the federal government—became an effective new rallying cry in the early 1950s.”
6. The role that Billy Graham played in American politics. “As the Washington crusade began in January 1952, Graham made clear his intent to influence national politics.”
7. It’s always interesting to read about the fathers of prominent politicians and religious leaders of today or recent past. See how many you find.
8. Political opportunism illustrated. “Vereide recognized that the tensions of the Cold War could be exploited to win more converts to his cause.”
9. A comprehensive look at the history of the National Day of Prayer. “In an apparent nod to the previous year’s “Freedom Under God” observance, which was set to be repeated in 1952, Truman selected the Fourth of July as the date for the first National Day of Prayer.”
10. Eisenhower unlikely role as the spiritual leader of a nation. “Eisenhower’s relationship with the Freedoms Foundation ran back to its founding. In his first meeting with Belding in September 1948, he discovered that the ad man shared his belief that the free enterprise system was in desperate need of defense.” “FOR EISENHOWER, THE “GOVERNMENT UNDER God” theme of the first prayer breakfast became a blueprint for his entire administration.”
11. Key stats that show the influence of religion and politics. “The decade and a half after the Second World War, however, saw a significant surge: the percentage claiming a church membership climbed to 57 percent in 1950 and then spiked to an all-time high of 69 percent at the end of the decade.”
12. The drive to declare the United States as one based on the Bible. In God We Trust. “In July 1953, the National Association of Evangelicals arranged to have Eisenhower, Nixon, and other high-ranking officials sign a statement declaring that the United States government was based on biblical principles.”
13. Interesting tidbits about our founding fathers. “The founding fathers had felt no need to acknowledge “the law and authority of Jesus Christ,” and neither had subsequent generations of American legislators.”
14. A comprehensive look at the history of the Pledge of Allegiance. “THE ORIGINAL PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE, much like the Constitution itself, did not acknowledge the existence of God. Its author, Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister from Rome, New York, was a decidedly religious man, but when he wrote the pledge in the 1890s he described himself as something that would seem an oxymoron in Eisenhower’s America: a ‘Christian socialist’.”
15. Interesting history on the need to create an illusion of historical accuracy.
16. Separation of church and state. “The justice reached back to borrow a metaphor coined in a letter to his fellow Baptists in Danbury, Connecticut, two and a half centuries before. “In the words of Jefferson,” Black wrote, “the clause against establishment of religion by laws was intended to erect ‘a wall of separation between church and state.” “Religious liberty was essential, he told his wife, because “when one religion gets predominance, they immediately try to suppress the others.”
17. A look at the quest for school prayer amendment. The tactics used by both sides. “The issue is that agencies of government cannot avoid favoring one denomination and hurting another by the practical decisions that have to be made by government authority on what version of the Bible shall be imposed and what prayer. The churches know this and that is why they are against the Becker Amendment.”
18. Prayers at the White House. “In creating a “kind of sanctuary” in the East Room, Nixon committed the very sin the founders had sought to avoid.”
19. Republicans use of religion for political gain. “Much as Reagan used school prayer as a partisan issue, Bush used the pledge.”
20. An excellent epilogue.
21. Notes included. A section of abbreviations.
Negatives:
1. Interesting but on the dry side. The book is scholarly but the author lacks flare.
2. Lacks conviction. The book feels more like a cold report than an engaging thesis.
3. Charts and timelines would have added value.
4. No formal bibliography.
5. At $14.92 for a Kindle book when the Hardcover was available for $15.70 at time of purchase may hurt some trees.
In summary, this is really a 3.5 star book but I’m feeling generous. On the one hand, it’s an interesting topic that is covered in a fair and respectful manner while on the other hand it lacks panache. Kruse provides great insights into the evolution of the religious right and makes a compelling case of their true origins. A worthwhile book to read, I recommend it!
Further recommendations: “Why the Religious Right Is Wrong about Separation of Church and State” by Robert Boston, “Nonbeliever Nation” by David Niose, “The Dark Side of Christian History” by Helen Ellerbe, “Birth Control, Insurance Coverage, & the Religious Right” by A.F. Alexander, “The God Argument” by A.C. Grayling, “Freethinkers” by Susan Jacoby, “Moral Combat” by Sikivu Hutchinson, “Republican Gomorrah” by Max Blumenthal, “American Fascists” by Chris Hedges, “Doubt” by Jennifer Michael Hecht, and “Society Without God” by Phil Zuckerman.
WAS THIS REVIEW HELPFUL?YesReportShare
Reviewed in the United States on July 10, 2015
★★★★★ 5
A book from the real No Spin Zone
Format: eTextbook
Like so many others this book is about politics. What it is not - is another one of those research deficient screeds that are one percent fact and 99 percent fantasy pulled out of someone's behind. It is fully annotated, with references and a bibliography that is both impressive for its references and its sources. Every paragraph and every assertion is factcheckable. Names, dates and places are attached to the narrative leaving the debunkers little room to quibble.
It begins with the Election of DD Eisenhower in 1952 and describes, in an exhaustively researched narrative, how we have through the succeeding administrations erroneously come to believe that we are a Christian Nation instead of a Nation of Christians. The meticulousness of the references prevents it from being a page turner, but it is a fascinating read for those who believe the Conservatives have hijacked God and the Flag, but don't know how it happened. Kruse details the process and the players during the 63 years Americans have been turned from a more liberal secularism to a more conservative sectarianism.
Conservatives will not like the obvious conclusions to be drawn from "One Nation Under God", but they will find a lot to like in it. As I read certain passages I could almost hear them echoing, "THAT'S RIGHT" and "Of COURSE", not realizing they are affirming sectarianism and authoritarianism which are contrary to their reverently held Constitution. Liberals, who feel that the Conservatives have appropriated patriotism as their exclusive property, will find the facts to support their own Constitutional ideals.
I give it 5 stars for scholarliness, sticking to the facts, timeliness, historical veracity, and as a book that will become a valuable reference for future study.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 17, 2015
★★★★★ 5
One Nation Under God.....Divisible
Format: Hardcover
"How Corporate America invented Christian America" is a perfect subtitle to Kevin Kruse's excellent book, "One Nation Under God", for as the author discusses, this is what happened to our culture over the course of several decades. It's an eye-opener and he presents an offering full of depth and insight.
As Kruse reminds us in the epilogue, the source of America's becoming a "Christian" nation stems from the vitriol of those clergymen who opposed the New Deal. James Fifield and Abraham Vereide, two early proponents of this new America they sought, gave way to Billy Graham and Pat Robertson, who cemented the fact that God and the Republican party were joined at the hip.
A large part of the book deals with how U.S. presidents dealt with the issue. Dwight Eisenhower presided over the change in the Pledge of Allegiance to include, "One Nation under God" and that American currency now bore the phrase "In God We Trust". His chapters lay the necessary groundwork nicely for the two most revealing chapters, "Our So-Called Religious Leaders", which largely deal with efforts to pass a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer, and "Which Side Are You On?", an intense look at how shamelessly Richard Nixon and his administration publicy made God "their own".
While it is hard to imagine today the thousands of billboards and leaflets displayed in the manner that they were in the 1960s, the undercurrent of nastiness that exists to "promote" God remains. You can hear it in the Tea Party. What Kevin Kruse reminds us is that religion was, and still is, as divisive a force as any we have had in the past and have in America today.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 27, 2015
★★★★★ 5
How Corporate America created free-enterprise Jesus to undo the New Deal
This book tells the history of how corporate America have tried to undo New Deal reforms since the 1940s by creating a new free-enterprise religion, and to erode the separation of church and state.
Corporate America’s creation of a free-enterprise selfish Jesus began in 1935 with the founding of an organization called Spiritual Mobilization. Some of the corporations who donated money to this and similar organizations include: American Cyanamid and chemical corporation, Associated Refineries, AT&T, Bechtel Corporation, Caterpillar Tractor Company, Chevrolet, Chicago & Southern Airline, Chrysler corporation, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Deering-Milliken, Detroit Edison, Disney, DuPont, Eastern Airlines, General Electric, General Foods, General Motors, Goodwill, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, IBM, J. C. Penney, J. Walter Thompson, Mark A. Hanna, Marriott, Marshall Field, Monsanto Chemical Company, National Association of Manufacturers, Pacific Mutual Life Insurance, Paramount Pictures, PepsiCo, Precision Valve Corp, Quaker Oats, Republic Steel Corp, Richfield Oil Co., San Diego Gas & Electric, Schick Safety Razor, Standard Oil Company, Sun Oil company, Sun shipbuilding company, Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, United Airlines, US Rubber company, US steel corporation, Utah Power & Light, Warner Bros. Pictures, Weyerhauser.
In the 1930s, corporations were well known to have brought on the Great Depression with their tremendous greed and dishonesty. The New Deal reformed the financial system, distributed wealth more evenly, provided a social safety net, protected the people by regulating businesses to protect them from unsafe and unhealthy food, drugs, and other products, toxic pollution, aided farmers in slowing soil erosion to prevent more dust bowls (and feed Americans for hundreds of years-- good topsoil is America’s most important treasure), and other public services that benefited everyone.
The New Deal embodied the ideals of the Social Gospel, a movement dedicated to the public good, economic equality, eradication of poverty, slums, child labor, an unclean environment, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and war (Wiki Social Gospel).
Corporate America fought against these reforms and has been trying to undo the New Deal ever since then.
One of their most successful tactics was getting religious leaders to spout a new version of Jesus – a free-enterprise, Ayn Rand, selfish Jesus and eradicate the Social Gospel Jesus of the New Deal.
At first ministers and people saw through since this propaganda was obviously craven corporate self-interest.
So the propaganda was crafted more subtly, and sold to conservative religious leaders. Congregations then listened to sermons about the free-enterprise Jesus with open hearts and minds, which they would have laughed at if the speaker were a CEO. The new religion taught them to hate unions, social welfare, to fear and hate government, to be against abortion and birth control (mainly because the more people there are, the less industries have to pay them). It was broadcast from conservative religious radio and TV stations, and in the secular world.
This is why you don’t have a chance of talking Uncle Bob out of voting for demagogues at the Thanksgiving table – you’re attacking his religion and core beliefs he’s heard since his first sermon, and his brain shuts down in anger. He’s been taught since he was a baby that he should hate and fear government, not corporations.
People like to say that capitalism is imperfect, but the best system that exists. Well, it’s great at raping, pillaging, and poisoning land, water, and air than any other system. Industrial farming is depleting aquifers and eroding and compacting top soil to the point where it won’t produce much food after centuries rather than millennia. Global conventional oil production, where 90% of our oil comes from, peaked in 2005 (Aleklett et al. 2012; Kerr 2011; Murray 2012; Newby 2011; IEA 2010; Zittel et al. 2013), declining at a rate of 6% now and increasing to 9% by 2030 (Hook 2009). According to the Department of Energy, you’d want to prepare at least 20 years ahead of time for peak oil (Hirsch 2005), yet here we are 12 years after peak conventional oil, with both Democrats and Republicans assuming that endless growth on a finite planet will fix things. We don’t have endless energy, it turns out that earth is not a giant gas tank, and even if it were, exponential growth would drain it in centuries.
There isn’t a single endeavor that doesn’t depend on energy, especially supply chains, mining, logging, construction, and road building, which are done with heavy-duty trucks, which can only accomplish their work with diesel engines that burn only diesel (Friedemann 2015).
Since the social net is funded by an ever-expanding working population and growth, social security and Medicare are Ponzi schemes, as well as our financial system, which depends on growth to pay back debt. The corporations are about to get the death of the New Deal they’ve so wanted via the decline of our fossil-fueled civilization.
There is no political party that can fix this, so it’s time to strengthen your community to become more resilient, self-sufficient, and able to supply food and other essentials locally. To fix water and sewage infrastructure. It’s time to embrace the social gospel and help community members less fortunate than you in the years ahead.
Aleklett, K., et al. 2012. Peeking at peak oil. Berlin: Springer.
Hook, M., et al. 2009. Giant oil field decline rates and their influence on world oil production. Energy Policy 37(6):2262–2272.
Friedemann, A. 2015. When trucks stop running, Energy and the Future of Transportation. Springer.
Kerr, R. 2011. Peak oil production may already be here. Science 331:1510–11.
Murray, J., et al. 2012. Oil’s tipping point has passed. Nature 481:43–4.
Newby, J. 2011. Oil Crunch (Fatih Birol). Catalyst. ABC TV.
IEA. 2010. World energy outlook 2010, 116. International Energy Agency.
Zittel, W, et al. 2013. Fossil and nuclear fuels. Energy Watch Group.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 9, 2017
★★★★★ 4
Very Interesting and Important Book
Format: Hardcover
It took me a long time to read this book, but I highlighted and took notes all over it. It’s absolutely fascinating and well researched and I personally think it should be required reading in seminaries across the nation. Understanding how Christianity as a religion penetrated the fabric of American politics after FDR’s presidency and the New Deal is an important part of understanding American politics in the first place. I also realized what bothered me about this in the first place. Our founding fathers specifically wrote the bill of rights and the constitution to protect freedom of religion and also to keep it out of state affairs. This unfortunately is not what happened throughout the last 60 years. It is clear that prominent Christian figures throughout the decades have infiltrated American politics, some more than others. In my younger years I was oblivious to this and in some instances promoted American Christianity in the political discourse. After many years of intense research and study I understood why that is not healthy for our republican constitutional form of government.
Ever Since president Regan said the famous words “God Bless America” at the end of a speech, the phrase has been shoved down the ears of the American populace over and over again by political leaders to this very day. The playing of the National Anthem synonymous with “God Bless America” phrases and tunes has also in my opinion and observations, contributed to religious nationalistic patriotism. And although I am by no means against loving and appreciating one’s country, I also see the coercive methods of these efforts and am concerned that is creates a blind sense of obedience to the state under a religious umbrella which tarnishes Christianity as a whole. I also acknowledge that having the state influence, dictate and decide what is right for our lives is just as unhealthy and dangerous. If looked at from a practical standpoint, understanding the founding documents of our nation’s founding and establishment is exactly what keeps the healthy political balance alive.
I did have one issue with the authors writing and interpretation which significantly bothered me. The author categorized members such as Billy Graham and James Fifield among other pioneers of the movement as Christian Libertarians. I wholeheartedly disagree with that title. If one studies and understands the core of what Libertarianism is about, it is specifically against forcing or coercing any particular religion regardless of political or social means especially through the state. Libertarians acknowledge the right to believe in a religion or no religion. The fact that Reverend Graham utilized his religious position to influence politics is very much anti-libertarian and a vast majority of libertarians will very likely agree with that position. I suggest the author study libertarianism a bit more and do more research before tainting that label. Despite that hurdle, I still thought this was a very good and important book.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 11, 2019
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